PDO und AMO ...

The change of temperatures in Europe for the period from 1900 to 2013 are evaluated and the results are compared with the oceanic cycles from AMO and PDO as well as the developments of the OHC and the trends of the water temperatures. It is shown that the oceanic cycles (such as PDO and AMO) with its potential thermal storage from the water bodies of the Pacific and Atlantic (or their extended water surfaces) may have an impact to the air temperatures all the way to Europe. Depending on the warmer or colder conditions of the oceanic "storage locations", it can be observed in Europe, that air temp. as well as fluctuations in the regional water levels are as- or descending. Are the "swinging" change of temperatures in the oceanic oscillations of both the Pacific (PDO) and the Atlantic (AMO) and their interplay are a possible reason for the also 'periodic' temperature trends in Europe ... whether for example in Nantes (F), Genoa (I), Copenhagen (DK), Potsdam (D), Zurich (CH), Wroclaw (PL), Vienna (AT) or Aberdeen (GB, North Sea) and Bergen (N, Atlantic)? It is not new that there are fundamental correlations of the ENSO (El Nińo-Southern Oscillation) to the world-observed air temperatures. It must be discussed whether it is a simple "relationship" or even it is a warming (positive AMO / PDO) or periodic cooling (negative AMO / PDO), resulting from the heat flux of the energetic water flow in the oceans and of the transport by atmospherical circulation (a large-scale heat transfer in the form of a "hot-water heating with circulating air"). It is certain that the changes of the PDO and the AMO correlate with the long-term "up and down" of the average of air temp. in Europe. CO2, which is a primary factor for the development towards ever higher temperatures, can be assumed as a causative driver of the global temp.rise. On the contrary, the oceanic cycles, which correlate positively with the "fundamental vibrations" of air temp. variability in Europe, could characterize the local temp. trends. The contribution of "warm air heating" of 1 degree temp.rise (1900-2013) in Europe amounts to approx. 0.6 degr., while approx. 0.4 degr. are resulting from other sources. It is likely that the CO2 has contributed to the 0.6 degr. as well as the 0.4 degr.. The GMSL/RMSL of the North Sea also seem to be influenced by the trends of the AMO/PDO: As the cycles-index rises, the RMSL also tend to climb upwards, just like the water levels are descending if the AMO/PDO is falling.